Once the symptoms of OA have been identified, a thorough history and physical examination of the dog is warranted, followed by radiographic tests, to accurately diagnose the condition. History and physical examination - History:
- Owner should be asked about previous traumatic events that may have led to joint instability.
- Owner should be asked about the possible use of other over-the-counter medications or neutraceuticals that may not be noted in the medical chart.
- The American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) recommends using open-ended questions during history-taking with clients to maximize understanding of the patient’s situation.1
- Physical/Orthopedic examination:2
- With the dog standing, palpate for joint effusion especially in the knees, hocks, elbows, and carpi. Look for muscular atrophy around the thighs and over the spine of the scapula.
- With the dog on his side, palpate for pain and a grinding feeling when joints are flexed and extended. Also palpate for joint laxity, which may be especially prevalent in the hip and knee regions.
- Use a goniometer to measure range of motion (ROM) in the joints.
Radiographic examination2 Confirming the diagnosis of OA requires good-quality radiographs with correct exposure for bone and joint evaluation. Abnormalities to look for include joint effusion, osteophytes at the site of capsular attachment, subchondral bone sclerosis, and bone remodeling.
1. Hellyer P, Rodan I, Brunt J, et al. AAHA/AAFP Pain Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2007;43:235−248.
2. Birchard SJ, Sherding RG. Osteoarthritis. In: Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice, 3rd ed. 2006:1222−1226. |
